Which condition is linked to an increased susceptibility to periodontal disease?

Hormonal changes are indeed linked to an increased susceptibility to periodontal disease. This is primarily because hormones can affect the response of the body to bacteria in the mouth, leading to inflammation of the gums and other periodontal tissues. For example, conditions such as puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause can all lead to fluctuations in hormone levels, which may increase the risk of gingival inflammation and periodontal disease. Increased estrogen levels during pregnancy can result in a condition known as pregnancy gingivitis, highlighting how hormonal changes can exacerbate periodontal issues.

In contrast, factors like increased water intake, regular exercise, and a low calcium diet do not have the same direct association with susceptibility to periodontal disease. Increased water intake generally promotes better oral health by aiding hydration and cleansing the mouth. Regular exercise is linked to improved overall health and may support the immune system, potentially reducing the risk of various diseases, including periodontal conditions. A low calcium diet, while not ideal for overall health, has not been directly established as a factor that increases susceptibility to periodontal disease in the same way hormonal changes do.