What nerves provide innervation to the teeth and periodontal ligament of the maxillary arch?

The correct choice identifies the superior alveolar nerves as those that provide innervation to the teeth and periodontal ligament of the maxillary arch. The superior alveolar nerves, which branch off from the maxillary nerve (a part of the trigeminal nerve), specifically innervate the maxillary molars, premolars, and incisors. This innervation is critical for the sensory perception of the teeth, including pain, temperature, and touch sensations, as well as for the health and function of the periodontal ligaments that support the teeth.

In contrast, the inferior alveolar nerves are primarily responsible for innervating the mandibular arch, not the maxillary teeth. The term "ventral alveolar nerves" is not commonly used in the anatomical context related to dental innervation, and thus does not apply here. Lastly, the "central alveolar nerves" is also not a recognized term in dental anatomy concerning innervation of the maxillary teeth. These points help to clarify why superior alveolar nerves are essential in this context.